tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-49244042375432761812024-03-18T00:31:38.119-07:00How to study for UPSC Civil Service IAS ExamsThis blog is a humble attempt to help you frame a strategy for your civil service exams. I write on General Studies, Psychology, Finance, Science and Tech & Geography. upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.comBlogger107125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-50279312856679010352022-02-10T08:13:00.002-08:002022-02-10T08:13:32.503-08:00Sports Psychology Interactional Model<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sports Psychology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Interactional model explains the sports behaviour as the
function of the nature and nurture. (Nature and Nurture: This is something
which you can bring out in almost all answers in psychology paper) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Behavior = Personality + Situation + P*S + Error <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgp_YboFnX6G994nYxSpgbbeLm6mdD5VCeUJCxKVzCs-iv1Kbyt54c69WRNehrC0YpBs93AE0WBfwb0cK2UdnuuEvz54hJm0hqN7Hu2blNGaazafvIyo5OLKFfLMmQGLpJzq4kZh9mP3UqJmO86C7iioGSBTFfEeq6mwWgHOzDZAMcCDj8IkVFJdvgl=s1156" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="916" data-original-width="1156" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgp_YboFnX6G994nYxSpgbbeLm6mdD5VCeUJCxKVzCs-iv1Kbyt54c69WRNehrC0YpBs93AE0WBfwb0cK2UdnuuEvz54hJm0hqN7Hu2blNGaazafvIyo5OLKFfLMmQGLpJzq4kZh9mP3UqJmO86C7iioGSBTFfEeq6mwWgHOzDZAMcCDj8IkVFJdvgl=w360-h286" width="360" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The interactional model helps to explain most situations and
derives a lot from major theories of psychology. Thus personality profile tests
like Troutwine atheletic profile and Winning profile athletic instrument
combined with situational inferences can help the sports psychologist frame a strategy
for the athlete. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p>upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-11120072713959215772022-02-01T18:04:00.004-08:002022-02-01T18:08:30.618-08:00Electric Vehicle Policy India FAME<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: normal;">EV Policy in India</span></h2><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">India incurs huge cost in import of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels
are one of the reason for very high pollution in Indian cities. World over,
many countries has been successful in making EV’s as trusted reliable choice of
transport by people. The </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana;">National Electric Mobility
Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> planned to establish EV’s through policies,
incentives in India. The FAME I which ended in 2019 and FAME II which ends in
march 2022 are initiatives in EV policy in India. FAME stands for faster adoption
of manufacture of electric vehicles (and hybrid).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOxj16ugCALAmLGot_s8MVL9nuqW5vMkOH6gBT5G-lR1RK77EYpkZAEm1WewOVFJgVnnh0mcghT9xgEDee-9bxGPh5DvL5y-SWG2H6pUEFsnawFrZx5LI69L2M67hZiTYjESBSDoxYMzIDmIBtMbbYeuvb84VsF338GIEEUXv_2Ui-FHMfl99UImsI=s5255" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Photo by Michael Marais on Unsplash" border="0" data-original-height="2863" data-original-width="5255" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOxj16ugCALAmLGot_s8MVL9nuqW5vMkOH6gBT5G-lR1RK77EYpkZAEm1WewOVFJgVnnh0mcghT9xgEDee-9bxGPh5DvL5y-SWG2H6pUEFsnawFrZx5LI69L2M67hZiTYjESBSDoxYMzIDmIBtMbbYeuvb84VsF338GIEEUXv_2Ui-FHMfl99UImsI=w400-h217" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #111111; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "San Francisco", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, "Segoe UI", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: start; white-space: nowrap;">Photo by </span><a href="https://unsplash.com/@michael_marais?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #767676; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "San Francisco", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, "Segoe UI", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: start; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; white-space: nowrap;">Michael Marais</a><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #111111; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "San Francisco", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, "Segoe UI", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: start; white-space: nowrap;"> on </span><a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #767676; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "San Francisco", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, "Segoe UI", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: start; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; white-space: nowrap;">Unsplash</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana;">The<span style="background-color: #01ffff;"> <span>FAME</span> </span>I intended to create
demand, technology platform, charging infrastructure, pilot projects. The industry
players in the nascent stage were hesitant to invest in the EV’s due to
uncertain demand and huge capex they have to make.</span></div><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana;">FAME II gives demand side
incentives and hopes to create charging infrastructure. The charging
infrastructure will need change in building plan approval eg: plan approval
only if multi-storied buildings have charging facilities, tariff determination,
resolving taxing issues etc.</span></div><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana;">India has seen faster adoption
and private investments in the two wheeler and three wheeler segment. The companies
like ather energy, ola, hero etc has been successful in generating an interest
in EV’s in the two wheeler category.</span></div><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana;">The issuing and subjects in EV
where lot of discussion are going around :</span></div><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana; text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana; text-indent: -0.25in;">Standardization of charging ports, technology
etc. The charging ports of most companies are different from other in both
design and voltages, unless there is consensus on the design & capacities
of the charging, the investing in charging ports may not be viable.</span></div><div><div style="text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana; text-indent: -0.25in;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana; text-indent: -0.25in;">Concepts like battery swapping have been
discussed, but the customer willingness is doubtful.</span></div><div><div style="text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana; text-indent: -0.25in;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana; text-indent: -0.25in;">Incentives for EV – the customer getting a tax break
or reduction in registration fee etc would drive the demand.</span></div><div><div style="text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana; text-indent: -0.25in;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana; text-indent: -0.25in;">The EV growth in India tend to start with lower
capacity vehicle and then the higher capacity vehicle demand would start.</span></div><div><div style="text-indent: -24px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana; text-indent: -0.25in;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana; text-indent: -0.25in;">Battery cost and availability of raw material for
batteries are a major factor at macro level, which will determine the growth of
EV.</span><br /><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: left;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> The new vehicle <span style="background-color: #01ffff;">scrappage policy</span> is expected to increase the demand for EV's provided the customer is able to get EV's are right pricing.</span></o:p></p>
</div></div>upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-40349058950508071512022-01-30T02:33:00.003-08:002022-02-10T08:17:10.315-08:00sports psychology - psychology 2 notes<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph SCXO18398032 BCX0" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span class="TextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Sports psychology is a science in which the principles of psychology are applied to sports and also exercises. The psychology of sports can be seen through the lens of various psychological theories – humanistic, cognitive etc. However, the two new approaches of the psychology – positive psychology and evidence based methods be kept in mind while analyzing this field.</span><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph SCXO18398032 BCX0" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><b><span class="TextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"></span></span><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></b></span></p></div><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="TextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: verdana; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Many of the early researches were </span><span class="SpellingError SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">centred</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> around the personality of the sports personnel. You must be aware of the various theories of personality – psychodynamic, humanistic, type, trait, social learning </span><span class="SpellingError SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">etc.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: verdana; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="SpellingError SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">It</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> can also be noted that the tests which you know when you studied these theories like </span><span class="SpellingError SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">roschach</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> test, TAT, questionnaires </span><span class="SpellingError SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">etc</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> can be used to study the personality part of the sports person.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: verdana; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjU7F63D6OX9BErmsWWGmOdbpyj6pH4esebL3_ejJrgw4bdM5p5DfVOYudvl5w9I1t-Sf9BonnL3oweqbd_au_4DoIVhLsv7E8p74oO-O3IMnc0N_9aH2BLDlYgsaUIjdGAPMz3FJNVE3Ge0kX1MzDDM_p-SIQ-Ymm30rpX6IhrmygMkHPnriQdDkMr=s3596" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3596" data-original-width="2023" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjU7F63D6OX9BErmsWWGmOdbpyj6pH4esebL3_ejJrgw4bdM5p5DfVOYudvl5w9I1t-Sf9BonnL3oweqbd_au_4DoIVhLsv7E8p74oO-O3IMnc0N_9aH2BLDlYgsaUIjdGAPMz3FJNVE3Ge0kX1MzDDM_p-SIQ-Ymm30rpX6IhrmygMkHPnriQdDkMr=w360-h640" title="Photo by Matthieu Pétiard on Unsplash" width="360" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #111111; text-align: start; white-space: nowrap;">Photo by </span><a href="https://unsplash.com/@mattpunsplash?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #767676; text-align: start; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; white-space: nowrap;">Matthieu Pétiard</a><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #111111; text-align: start; white-space: nowrap;"> on </span><a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #767676; text-align: start; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; white-space: nowrap;">Unsplash</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: medium; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph SCXO18398032 BCX0" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: medium; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: verdana; font-size: large; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">It was seen from researches that personality alone cannot predict sports performance. Morgan(1980) based on studies done commented that there is consistent relationship of personality with sports provided – multivariate approach is adopted and response distortion is removed. </span><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: verdana; font-size: large; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph SCXO18398032 BCX0" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span class="TextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"></span></span><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph SCXO18398032 BCX0" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span class="TextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">It may be noted that athletes are independent, less anxious than non-</span><span class="SpellingError SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">atheletes</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> (Joy 1977). The </span><span class="SpellingError SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">atheletes</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> were alert, exhibited less anxiety and were extrovert than non-</span><span class="SpellingError SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">atheletes</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">. </span></span><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph SCXO18398032 BCX0" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span class="TextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"></span></span><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXO18398032 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph SCXO18398032 BCX0" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span class="TextRun SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">As the personality is a not-so strong factor in the prediction of performance, the <a href="https://howtocrackcivilservices.blogspot.com/2022/02/sports-psychology-interactional-model.html" target="_blank">Interactional mode</a>l became popular. </span><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph SCXO18398032 BCX0" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: medium; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="Paragraph SCXO18398032 BCX0" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="EOP SCXO18398032 BCX0" color="windowtext" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: medium; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">(to be continued)</span></span></p></div>upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-40335450058258946122020-04-29T07:40:00.003-07:002020-04-29T07:40:43.388-07:00Bioconductor - UPSC snippets Very Short Q&A<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bioconductor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is an open source software project based on R programming
language. This software project is for analysis and comprehension of genomic
data generated by experiments in molecular biology. Bioconductor project is
creating a platform through involvement of large number of people from research
background by providing computational and statistical tools. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R</span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R is a language for statistical computing and graphical visualization. The R is open source and one of the widely used/learnt programs. It is used by researchers and scientists. </span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Useful article :<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.eepcindia.org/download/MSMEs-Should-Upgrade-Skills-to-Tap-into-AI-20200214085823.pdf" target="_blank">MSME and Technology : Click here</a></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-15551894269826412532020-04-28T09:09:00.001-07:002020-04-28T09:09:29.816-07:00Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CAREC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #231f20; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">The Central Asia Regional
Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program is a partnership of 11 countries. The development
partners working together to promote development through cooperation, leading
to accelerated economic growth and poverty reduction.</span> The CAREC was
started in 1997 by ADB to encourage economic cooperation among the central
asian countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #231f20; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Vision Statement: “</span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 2px;">Good Neighbors, Good
Partners, and Good Prospects.</strong><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 2px;">”</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/carec-designated-rail-corridors.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="800" height="256" src="https://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/carec-designated-rail-corridors.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 2px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #231f20; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The CAREC finances,
facilitates creation of economic prosperity through cooperation between the
member nations. The vast and seamless connectivity will create speedy movement
of the goods, development of new cities etc. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #231f20; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #231f20; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Member nations: Afghanistan
, Azerbaijan, People's Republic of China, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic,
Mongolia, Pakistan, Tajikistan,Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan</span></span></div>
<br /></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-70620311295483683722020-04-09T20:57:00.000-07:002020-04-09T20:57:24.632-07:00FRBM Act – what is it?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Financial responsibility and Budget Management Act</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The act is aimed at bringing transparency and accountability
in the fiscal and monetary actions of the government. The set of rules and
targets are to be followed which will allow country to create realistic
projections and medium term projections. The annual actions to be guided by the
medium term plan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The important documents that are available to public/Parliament
are</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1. Medium Term Fiscal Policy Statement</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2. Macroeconomic Framework Statement</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3. Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These documents give projections of the
revenue, increase in expenditure in each sector etc. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF2_Gew7IbUNhxUNd_FNp__8PnBwYqSlMiIRwOA_srGwMhM7akxIPDXlOXvdBJQAhQmZxxT1Ye6n1PIC9iZ4YhybrsOEMmis3XIxt76YFLFxMbE3-TWo8xqkCwUHKwBet-wowOyGMtTbU/s1600/deficit.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="727" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF2_Gew7IbUNhxUNd_FNp__8PnBwYqSlMiIRwOA_srGwMhM7akxIPDXlOXvdBJQAhQmZxxT1Ye6n1PIC9iZ4YhybrsOEMmis3XIxt76YFLFxMbE3-TWo8xqkCwUHKwBet-wowOyGMtTbU/s640/deficit.PNG" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Why the FRBM act is relevant? </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">India is a developing country and the investments
(especially rate of interest of lending) will be based on the financial health
of country. If the country has less debt and has relatively accurate
projections, the investors would be willing to lend at low rates for longer
time. If the credit rating + their own assessment is negative, then the
investors won’t focus on the long term and will be ready to exit making
profits. They will charge higher interest to cover the risk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The targets set by the FRBM act can be
exempted during the natural calamities, disasters etc.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF0mvGtznmdN1kLFFWCZgpvlPOjZn8ojbAMT7yeY76fQNkWhU_aIKMQsiJB3l2cbcfQ-fRhM1siiTSr8gZw9De9yEM5OkP0cIdICmcN4xnpB1_LpnEPXdjSF1Qv08mClE_GJz1jU_NOi0/s1600/untitled_page.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="545" data-original-width="1028" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF0mvGtznmdN1kLFFWCZgpvlPOjZn8ojbAMT7yeY76fQNkWhU_aIKMQsiJB3l2cbcfQ-fRhM1siiTSr8gZw9De9yEM5OkP0cIdICmcN4xnpB1_LpnEPXdjSF1Qv08mClE_GJz1jU_NOi0/s640/untitled_page.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What is this 3% fiscal deficit limit which
you hear often about FRBM ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The gap between the revenue and expenditure
of a country to its GDP should be within 3 percentage. The 3-5 percentage is
considered better for a country. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Concerns raised in various news: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The deficits as a result of off-budget
borrowings not being included in calculating the fiscal deficit has been
criticised. The off-budget borrowings are also debt and to get a complete
picture has to be included for getting full picture of the repayment schedule
the country will have to bear. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->CAG report estimation of GDP 2019 has been
higher than budget estimate. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Doubts has been raised by certain economists on
the revenue estimates. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Related Article :<a href="https://howtocrackcivilservices.blogspot.com/2019/07/what-is-purchasing-power-parity.html" target="_blank"> <b>GDP India </b></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-62174418923902711542020-04-07T19:31:00.001-07:002020-04-07T19:35:04.625-07:00National Infrastructure Investment fund<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">National Infrastructure Investment fund is an Alternative
Investment fund and India’s first sovereign investment fund. The large
investment funds/fund managers are facilitated to drive the growth of India’s
economy through this fund. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">You can read a brief intro into the SWF (sovereign wealth
fund) here: <b><a href="https://howtocrackcivilservices.blogspot.com/2016/09/what-is-sovereign-wealth-fund.html" target="_blank">Sovereign wealth fund. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></a></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It may be noted that SWF in India is not to park excess fund
from natural resources as done by countries like Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Botwana
etc. It is for fund receipt into India. The fund is anchored by Government of
India, who is a minority share holder. The NIIF has three types of funds (portfolios)
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Master fund – To invest in core assets like
ports , roads etc. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Fund of funds – The fund managers with proven
track records in association with NIIF invest in areas like Green energy,
Affordable housing etc. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Strategic fund – to invest/fund in
infrastructure projects <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>eg: Equity
shareholding of 59% in IDFC-IFL. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Advantages for the investors </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Attractive long-term risk-adjusted returns for
our investors on a sustainable basis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Anchored by Government of India</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">There is 100%
tax exemption to their interest, dividend and capital gains income </b>in
respect of investment made in infrastructure and other notified sectors before
31st March, 2024 and with a minimum lock-in period of 3 years .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->providing local access and expertise</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Risks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">There is risk of project delays with respect to speed of
execution, local conditions, legal issues etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The inflow of funds to a particular sector may lead to
creation of bubble, stock price manipulations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Note: </span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">At the time of writing this article, The world famous firms like DP world, Roadis, ADIA etc are investing in India through the NIIF. </span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-10739204926443957892019-08-16T20:58:00.000-07:002019-08-16T21:10:55.567-07:00What’s eat right India?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">What’s eat right India initiative?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is a government initiative to enable citizens to eat
healthy and eat safe. The supply and demand side stakeholders are brought together
to make sure India consumes healthy food. It is part of the “Swasth Bharat”
initiative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Why?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u>Prompt citizens to look beyond Ads</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In the supply driven market run through smart marketing campaigns,
the consumer is at receiving end where un-healthy food is pushed to him through
glitzy ads and marketing campaigns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Eg: Many sportspersons (people associate sports with health)
feature in drinks advertisements whereas the drink may be just sugar+color+soda+secret
recipes! The young generation would be enticed to use these products (assuming
it is healthy through the pictures and depictions in ads). These myths are
broken by the eat right India initiative. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u>Making person understand his health needs</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The nutritional needs are explained, quizzes programs done for
health awareness of the citizens. Videos of eat health champions are popularized
to encourage healthy diet. The National institute of nutrition learnings are
transmitted to people for taking healthy decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u>Eat right awards</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">To brands and companies that produce healthy products. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_tagJVQu3ohNjZJRkZoTTNtWXM/edit" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Eat right India (Internal link - old article)</span></a></h3>
</div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-73459445827809940852019-08-12T09:00:00.001-07:002019-08-12T09:01:49.314-07:00Monetory Vs Fiscal Policy of Government<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Government can regulate the economy through monetary and fiscal policies. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Monetary Policy</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The supply of money is controlled by Government through monetary policy. The monetary policies are generally done by the central banks ( RBI in India). The interest rates and circulation of money is controlled by the central banks through monetary policy. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The central banks according to the macro economic situation take stance needed for the nation. At times, the priority may be inflation control and at times, the priority may be growth. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">eg: The higher interest rate will reduce the money in circulation and bring down inflation. At the same time, the growth may reduce. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHG7fSrT5MwM5OOHxFUtXIGT8w_41ja0hcYBbekor2mQIWXeyDvxZtzDQNkOoNHASHmM1ddvvBW2wa1SywAdw4wN91H-hZrQAJ4epFnZMINMpkyzueNDO0ziIhlSXZSyzHLXxbd7fGuOA/s1600/monetoryvsfiscal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="796" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHG7fSrT5MwM5OOHxFUtXIGT8w_41ja0hcYBbekor2mQIWXeyDvxZtzDQNkOoNHASHmM1ddvvBW2wa1SywAdw4wN91H-hZrQAJ4epFnZMINMpkyzueNDO0ziIhlSXZSyzHLXxbd7fGuOA/s640/monetoryvsfiscal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Fiscal Policy </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The composition of spending and amount of spending showcases areas where the government wants to spend money. The fiscal policies is the way govt spends money according to its priorities. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The taxes government imposes and the incentives given for various sectors highlight the way government wants to spend money. If there is slowing of economy, the government may decide to spend more to stimulate economy. Eg: - Heavy investments in infrastructure will improve employment, push more money to core sectors, which in-turn may stimulate growth. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-61273234769630232722019-08-08T07:43:00.000-07:002019-08-08T07:43:18.833-07:00Real vs Nominal Interest rate<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Real vs Nominal Interest rate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Real interest rate is the interest rate which takes inflation
into consideration. To get the real interest you would need inflation rate and nominal
interest rate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Eg: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A person borrows Rs 1,00,000 as loan for building house from
SBI with one year as loan period. Assume rate of interest is 10% (which is the
nominal interest rate). If the inflation during the period is 6 percentage.
Then, the real interest rate is 4 percentage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The concept of real vs nominal is very basic to understanding
the way money works with time. You may be seeing offers where NCDs offer 10
percentage or above interest on the deposits. What really matters would be real
interest (real growth) which would be arrived after deducting tax, inflation ,
processing fees etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-75794533069683318922019-07-18T09:42:00.002-07:002019-07-18T09:48:49.684-07:00 What is purchasing power parity?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Purchasing power parity</b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The PPP or purchasing power parity is a macro-economic
metric that can be used to measure a country’s GDP. The PPP uses a basket of goods
approach ie: a set of goods which is bought by these currencies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The currencies are first converted into dollar value. Then,
the amount of dollar value which can buy the same basket of goods in two countries
can be calculated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Eg:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Lets take country A where i-phone is 100$ and another country
B where i-phone is 200$, here the purchasing power of country A is double that
of the country B with respect to i-phone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The i-phone is a single product, to have meaningful
calculation we add many goods and services eg:- electricity, milk, etc. Now
this is called “basket of goods”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">For calculation, the currency of the nations A and B has
been converted to common currency ie: dollar. The PPP can show the size of the country’s
economy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>What are the criticisms of PPP model?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Let us assume that price of milk was compared between two
countries<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Country A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1litre = 2 dollar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Country B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I litre = 1 dollar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Milk is good quality, always preserved well, quality and safety tests
done<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Quality is poor, fluctuating with no quality tests, adulteration
high.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Here though, you can buy double quantity of milk in country
B, the quality defeats the quantity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Similarly, Lets imagine B is a big country where a machinery
is available at 500$ in city which is added in basket of goods. Now, a far-off
villager buy this product from city and take it. The transport cost is high ( no
good public transport, no great roads, high local area tax for new machinery
etc) then the product costs villagers 700$ (500$ + 200$ transportation). These
costs are not included in the PPP calculation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">There may be trade barriers, taxations etc. making goods/services unavailable/costly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Thus, in-depth analysis are needed for accurate calculations. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-196049935124745402019-07-08T05:36:00.001-07:002019-07-08T05:36:46.156-07:00Balance of Trade <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Balance of Trade</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The balance of trade is difference between the value of
exports and imports of a country. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ie: A country which imports more goods and services than
exports will have deficit of balance of trade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXj51cuzWKB29GK0O6Jae1lzKhuc7DqfFEFoF88fKXllCn1GztO0XVIn1kvJ6gylUeMhQfKzpobpp0VaYRUnfw__LMh1qcHrsAuPoFwMRwFxtnLo9-MqMgXa5zdPG6uepTH-IK3ZpdGZU/s1600/balanceoftrade.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="731" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXj51cuzWKB29GK0O6Jae1lzKhuc7DqfFEFoF88fKXllCn1GztO0XVIn1kvJ6gylUeMhQfKzpobpp0VaYRUnfw__LMh1qcHrsAuPoFwMRwFxtnLo9-MqMgXa5zdPG6uepTH-IK3ZpdGZU/s400/balanceoftrade.PNG" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Why balance of trade is talked about?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When the imports surge without increase in the exports, then
it usually is discussed. There is a feeling that it should be balanced and balance of trade should be reduced. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The govt identifies areas of higher growth, create policies which will drive exports, create right incentives to stimulate that growth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The balance of trade can be classified as 1) of goods and 2) of services.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>View of economists of Balance of trade</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Several economists have opined that a growing country will
have increase in the deficit. Hence, there is no need to focus on the trade deficit
alone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If the imports are used productively, then the exports will
also rise and there will be employment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">*Eg: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Company A imported 5 machines at 100 cr which would increase
exports of the firm by 5 cr a year. And the machines work for average 30 years
with minimal repairs. The machines are employing 3000 employees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Company B bought imported TVs for all its workers worth 10
Cr and all are seeing TV. The TV decreased the working hours, decreased output
of the workers. The exports of country fell by 1 cr in the year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Imagine that there are 100 A type companies and very 5 B type companies. If the imports are tilted to expenditures more of Company A type
functions (the function could be performed by govt, private etc), then employment,
exports etc will be improved and nation will prosper. The trade deficit might be more when there are many A type companies but similarly the employment and productivity would be higher. There will be around 3 lakh jobs generated and exports increase per year of 500 cr. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Imagine, another scenario where there are 100 B type companies and 5 A type companies. The deficit might be lower, but the jobs created and exports generated are lower. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">*Above is a gross simplistic example to focus on the productive use of funds raised.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hence, I am avoiding the usual coaching centre material which
usually classifies balance of trade into favourable, balanced and unfavourable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-49568649614992672242019-07-01T09:39:00.002-07:002019-07-01T09:39:42.245-07:00Artic and India - Strategic, Academic, Commercial<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Artic and India</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Why India is interested in Artic?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Artics have lowest temperatures and are seen to be very important from the climate studies especially with change in global temperatures. The warm artics are associated with change in world wind systems and change in precipitation. This means that the study of artics can give us data for monsoon predictions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The improved technologies and the ice melt are making it possible to create sea routes from Asia to Europe. This would be a game changer in the economy of the area. Also, there would be minerals, hydrocarbons and other resources there in the artics.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.thermodata.us/sites/default/files/NorthernLights%2BPolarBear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="528" height="208" src="https://www.thermodata.us/sites/default/files/NorthernLights%2BPolarBear.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">source: www.thermodata.us<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">India has </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">academic, environmental, scientific, commercial, strategic </b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> interests in the region.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Who does the research there?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa now renamed to National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Goa</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The NCPOR has a very informative website and the annual reports give a glimpse of the budget spend and outcomes of studies. The professionally run and motivated group of researchers goes to Himadri, Bharathi (Indian research station in the International station) every year. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The news and information of the expeditions/missions help Indian know more about the huge importance of research at poles in day to day life.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Link: http://www.ncaor.gov.in/upload/annualreports/Enghlish.PDF</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-90281095636328258762019-06-23T11:36:00.002-07:002019-06-23T11:39:06.416-07:00Government securities T-bills G-Sec<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Government Bonds</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Government raises money for its activities through various
means. The bonds (debt instruments) are one way by which governments can
finance its deficits. As in any investment, if the govt employs the capital in
productive measures then the capital grows and if the spending is not done
correctly the money raised is lost (value/ratings/yield etc of govt bonds reduces).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Government bonds are secure as the value is assured by the
government. The rate of interest that government pays is determined by auction
process. The rate of interest as in all cases is based on the credit risk. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkSYJGDhNpAMf3-xBuQtiWhu5L17U6Mnqa3Q7cqfA9UfRtzBd9uPj-D9mmN5ADQ59dpetOf5NALeaI7bLmGfr5rm7Q2flvnEMhugyEss_nLjgJQSC-FNl4bRsMD3488wWo1uuL4z95iA/s1600/govtbond.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="848" data-original-width="1531" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkSYJGDhNpAMf3-xBuQtiWhu5L17U6Mnqa3Q7cqfA9UfRtzBd9uPj-D9mmN5ADQ59dpetOf5NALeaI7bLmGfr5rm7Q2flvnEMhugyEss_nLjgJQSC-FNl4bRsMD3488wWo1uuL4z95iA/s640/govtbond.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">What is credit rating of Indian govt bonds?</span></div>
</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The credit rating companies (fitch, s&P etc) rate it
based on various factors. The fitch rating is BBB- (2018 – 12 yrs it has been
same). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The rating is based on many things like banking sector
developments, shadow banking, deficit etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">When the rating gets better, the credit will be available at
lower rate of interest. More funds will flow ( higher risk = higher interest).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Content below may be read by people with interest in
the subject, wont be asked in exams.<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Who buys/takes/is bound to own/ Govt bonds?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The govt bonds are used to finance the govt activities and
its deficits. It may be noted that banking, insurance sectors keep funds mandatory in Govt securities. This means when funds of citizens are parked in
banks or when things (now a days everything is insured) get insured, the funds
reach government. The pension funds too park money in govt securities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Now, the govt bonds can be bought online through NSE and Zerodha buy individuals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">RBI through OMO (open market operations) purchases govt securities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Why is it important?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The change in the international, national circumstances can
lead to change in the government bond yields. The increase in deficit can lead
to lower rating for the government bonds which means the credit becomes
available for government at higher rate. When govt projects (huge ones) get
locked without results then the capital doesn’t function effectively for its
citizens and nation gets affected. Eg: Land acquisition litigations may delay a
big road project causing huge cost escalations)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPABkNaCA9Oe5fzxV5FpSAaTsbumjOeKTpYL_1ixcxyGpdlhLiJB0xPExh0Ugfnj_2ptBrsxMlyPzy036vecaMZ-2wT2XSoeE2_LNY9s2o7vPrT0HuIudoJ5K9A6ser9-2KMwS03qX_q4/s1600/rbi_sdl.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="714" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPABkNaCA9Oe5fzxV5FpSAaTsbumjOeKTpYL_1ixcxyGpdlhLiJB0xPExh0Ugfnj_2ptBrsxMlyPzy036vecaMZ-2wT2XSoeE2_LNY9s2o7vPrT0HuIudoJ5K9A6ser9-2KMwS03qX_q4/s640/rbi_sdl.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">source: rbi reports</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>What are states doing?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The states too are increasingly borrowing to finance
activities. There is significant growth over the years of SDL (govt securities
sold by states) to raise funds. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The 2026-27 will be crucial looking at the maturity profile
of SDLs ( state development loans). Also the way GST, discom debts , UDAY etc
span out and is handled will be interesting for economic observers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnVWApnVsKzaj5uGDo7bwsSbZPbz2e9fL35MJRMSRfxvcCBySk7_yh1MPUVhp8SoQrdENfAUQXxRe5An8gezZIkTdMGRFtIN92BQJu8C6knNoYqQbYt25H0ek5UkC5RuSHi8b_08FSl98/s1600/maturity_sdl.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="331" height="634" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnVWApnVsKzaj5uGDo7bwsSbZPbz2e9fL35MJRMSRfxvcCBySk7_yh1MPUVhp8SoQrdENfAUQXxRe5An8gezZIkTdMGRFtIN92BQJu8C6knNoYqQbYt25H0ek5UkC5RuSHi8b_08FSl98/s640/maturity_sdl.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">source: rbi reports</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>What to watch ?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Will the investors prefer buying the SDLs and moving them to Held to Maturity ?</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7bpcEK43U8CCwWZku2fDKEz0BnE9ur_t6aD7iTYmKR3oA_-a-QZOm_Cj7k84JI6fsRwiDjxcvBZLbfkaYzpn9TJGkwl9YAEHVV026S9omRwFEyku60JWSJik4kRdc1AqRjhKWfLYGjnM/s1600/SDL.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="84" data-original-width="1600" height="32" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7bpcEK43U8CCwWZku2fDKEz0BnE9ur_t6aD7iTYmKR3oA_-a-QZOm_Cj7k84JI6fsRwiDjxcvBZLbfkaYzpn9TJGkwl9YAEHVV026S9omRwFEyku60JWSJik4kRdc1AqRjhKWfLYGjnM/s640/SDL.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">click to enlarge, Source:ccil</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Note: Persons who want to know more may read RBI reports on state finances. I have put up a very simplified gist of the subject. </div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-43553716241002895212019-06-21T02:44:00.002-07:002020-04-07T19:36:09.458-07:00Middle Income Trap<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is a situation where a middle-income country is unable to
become high income country as the situations for growth are slowing/ advantages
which a country had is no longer present <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Eg: A country has grown rapidly in industry due to cheap labour.
As the country grew, the wages increased and hence the initial advantage of
lower cheap labour diminished. Similarly, the manufacturing firms may shift to
some country where the labour wages are lower than this country. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Hence, the GNP may get stagnated unless there is something
the country does to overcome limitations. (commonly called reforms).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The reforms might be 1) Labour 2) Land 3) Capital/Investment etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Challenges: If the administrative structure/information/expertise
is lacking in recipient country, there may be unhealthy growth ( skewed distributing
of income, cartelisation in businesses, plutocrats taking undue advantage) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-82835047399092399952019-05-21T11:00:00.002-07:002019-05-21T11:00:52.205-07:00Piketty Principle UPSC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Piketty Principle</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Piketty in his book (capital in 21st centuary) explained the reasons for the widening difference
in growth of economic disparity. He observed that “<span style="background: white; color: #111111; line-height: 107%;">The rate of return on the investments the wealthy make will normally be
greater than the rate of growth in a nation’s economy and total wealth.</span>”.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This lead to increase in divergence of the earnings of the
rich with respect to poor. He indicates increasing r-g gap(r – rate of asset
return, g – real income growth) . The increasing r-g gap will lead to unrest
and other social issues. The divergence is increasing with time. The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skill development, knowledge diffusion can
lead to convergences – ie reduction in in-equality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-38759888349969911302019-05-08T22:16:00.000-07:002019-05-08T22:16:18.069-07:00UPSC finance External Commercial Borrowing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">External Commercial Borrowing</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>Finance upsc, finance basics</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Capital is needed to achieve growth investment is needed. The
capital needed for this can be from domestic (Indian) or foreign (external). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDxoI3jVxnNNaBb7W2JMsf37mIYsT2GehRAK_HhVspKRqbX-O-TWV3uCrcPbnqz4Fc8m_mhlYN_9rNz0SIWbPfY-loocNbpzcLo6Hg9ruOJlxoOMyA3VOaIs8AJRR4b2citLE4xYKwtok/s1600/ecb.foreigncapital.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="951" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDxoI3jVxnNNaBb7W2JMsf37mIYsT2GehRAK_HhVspKRqbX-O-TWV3uCrcPbnqz4Fc8m_mhlYN_9rNz0SIWbPfY-loocNbpzcLo6Hg9ruOJlxoOMyA3VOaIs8AJRR4b2citLE4xYKwtok/s640/ecb.foreigncapital.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The type of deposits considered as ECB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Loans including bank loans;</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Securitized instruments (e.g. floating rate
notes and fixed rate bonds, non-convertible, optionally convertible or
partially convertible preference shares / debentures);</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Buyers’ credit;</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Suppliers’ credit;</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs);</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Financial Lease; and</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Foreign Currency Exchangeable Bonds (FCEBs)</span></span></li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Advantages:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The companies need capital for expansion, and the foreign
route provides finance at lower interest rates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The borrower gets finance cost advantage. The borrower can
diversify his investments, plan new initiatives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Disadvantages:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The multiplicity of legislations and constant changes in
policy are often criticized. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The bigger firms are able to get capital at lower interest
while a smaller company may be paying heavy interest in domestic lending. This means
that higher finance cost is born by them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The lower interest funds to firms may lead to heavy
borrowing and debt burden. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /><br />
</div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-74419400297249840562019-04-29T10:44:00.001-07:002019-04-29T10:44:48.805-07:00How to study psychology for UPSC exam <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Psychology can be tricky for the mains. The way to get into the groove for the psychology is a bit tricky. I am sharing a link of topper Mithali Sethi here<br />
<br />
Drive (pdf) - <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1J5veUvqxD7latrB0dKyLbJoeWIWy8z6X?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Download</a><br />
<br />
Source: www.insightsonindia.com <a href="https://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/07/psychology-strategy-civil-services-strategy-booklist-resources-notes-mittali-sethi-air-56-302-marks/" target="_blank">(LINK)</a><br />
<br />
A comprehensive strategy with lots of matierials are given. It is a very useful read for psychology mains.<br />
<br />
Notes shared by the Mithali Sethi <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B9Ch6zuv7hHobF8ycGFyUV9pQTg" target="_blank">(LINK)</a><br />
<br />
Note: This blog makes attempts to share links, articles written by toppers. </div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-81160302474658429462019-04-29T10:26:00.002-07:002019-04-29T10:29:58.477-07:00Sensitivity Training Merits Context Methodology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Psychology Paper 2 Topic</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sensitivity training</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is a method of training that makes one <b>aware</b> about the
dynamics of group and their roles. It makes them aware of their prejudices/bias
and make them sensitive to others. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Eg: - Ctx is an IT company with professionals of all
generations. Subbu 57 yr and Ragz 25 yr old work in a group that works in
virtual group of 10. The 8 members<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of
virtual group are from China, US. There may be biasness, prejudices of each
member with the other.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Subbu thinks “What is this guy Ragz doing in this group
which has seniors like me. He doesn’t respect my seniority and don’t even stand
up when I come. He has long hair with ponytail that doesn’t suit this office”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Ragz thinks “ Subbu is not updated on latest styles of IT
world. He won’t know about new UI designs and trends. I wonder how I will
communicate with this guy who never parties or even tells a ‘Hi’ to me.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Each team member would be harbouring a set of such
impressions which may be adversely affecting the <b>organizational </b>set up. The
sensitivity training will help them to discover each other, it will allow one
to explore his/her thoughts. At the end, the thoughts held will get altered and
a new cohesion/understanding is intended to be developed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Raghav the trainer is brought in to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>give a sensitivity training. He does it in
following steps</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A <b>unstructured</b> meeting is conducted when all the
members (10-15, in this example 10)meet at head quarters. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The old values held by the members are
challenged and an face to face interaction happens within the group.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The new values are developed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The new values are freezed. Subbu feels that
Ragz though looking different is sincere in work and he is rather a problem
solver. Ragz feels that gesture which he thought was rude from a China team
mate was infact a friendly gesture in that culture. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A self awareness of one’s attitude and bias happens in a
facilitated manner. An introspection of one’s behavior can be done. This is a
<b>group psychotherapy </b>started by <b>Kurt Lewin. </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is useful technique in organizational structure. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-60262812372505183212019-04-29T05:33:00.000-07:002019-04-29T10:50:48.771-07:00Which is the best Coaching institute in Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A common inquiry that aspirants and their parents have is -
which is the best coaching institute?. Which is the best one which will get
him/her into the service?. Where to stay ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I may not be able to
answer your question fully, but may be able to help you get a better view about
coaching institutes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Soon after the result of the civil services, a campaign
trail is started by IAS coaching centres. The common ad style is something like
</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: orange;">XYZ IAS Academy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></h2>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: orange;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>(A
guy generally in suit - photo in inset near name of academy)</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: orange;"><span style="font-size: large;">10 in top 20, 50 in 100</span></span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: orange;">(photos of toppers)<br /> </span><span style="background-color: orange; font-size: large;">And 300+ Selections.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: orange;">The ads will be dotted with pictures of young civil servants
who just entered in last upsc exam. Sometimes highlighting 1<sup>st</sup> rank
to 500+.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: orange;"><br /> </span><span style="background-color: orange;">The address, the details, the updated course and how
innovative we are generally is in the last line.</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">I understand that like in all business , marketing has to be
high pitch. But as a customer( aspirant) has to put some thought to understand
these ads. Why?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Simply because, in case you are joining the said flamboyant
institute which churns out IAS officers, then you are paying for all the
hungama created by the institute. The ad campaign by many institutes runs into
crores. The institutes sometimes charges lakhs from a student, the accumulated
lakhs go to feed these crores. That’s the way business runs and its perfectly
fine if you are ready to pay and institute delivers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Now to the winner’s part, you would see that toppers are
claimed by all institutes. The topper who accidently left an inquiry email to
the institute at puberty stage of preparation,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>one who attended their outreach programme, to the original student who
really studied at the institute – all will figure in the ad campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the ads were true, check the ads of prominent
10 institutes you would figure out that toppers photos will figure in all most
all the coaching institute!!. I have met a topper whose name was falsely
claimed by a Delhi institute, while only time he visited Delhi was for an upsc
interview. He gently reminded the suit boot owner of the institute and his
reply was “ Abhi toh chalne do, aapko kya bharak padtha hai”. So in case you
are marching to an institute just because they have advertised 10 in 20 toppers
studied there, then beware. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">How do the institutes make so much toppers to be part of
institute?</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Conduct “free” intro sessions – which entices to
be part of the historic institute. A format with details of the attendees is
signed from all participants. When the results come, the staff will dig these
data, if you attended and signed then you are their “student”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Conduct free mock interview – this s catch late
strata which many institutes use. The guy has passed mains and there is high
chance he will get through. A good quality mock interview will ensure that he
becomes the aspirant who studied here. This is reason why some institutes
conduct mock interviews with good quality faculty as they can claim you as
student without taking any pain to take you all the way through hectic mains
exams.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Just steal a pic and claim he was student! </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A <i>highpitched ad driven institute in prime locality of
Delhi has more probability of an aspirant joining and simply getting higher
conversion.</i> The person may have left the institute and studied on his own as
the institute was not good. But since he spent money there, then naturally they
now have a poster boy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Lets now move on to total claims, 300+
selections. What is ‘+’ no one has any idea. Probably the institute is waiting
to see ad of its main business rival and planning to increase. The multiple
branches, multiple type of courses (online/offlie/correspondence) make it
difficult to identify or clarify most claims. Even if the institute wrongly
claims that a person passed because of their excellence, there is little way to
verify it. An interaction with the newly cleared persons will give an idea of
the state of the coaching institute. Many young civil servants have blogs where
they clarify things. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">What institutes won’t tell</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How many students attended and did not make it?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Which good teachers the institute has?</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Why do they charge so high! </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">What matters in a coaching institute?</span></h2>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>The Teacher</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The only important factor in an institute is its teachers. Passing any
exam depends on student and teacher, the way the teacher is able to connect to
the students. Meeting the teacher, his attitude to students is key to your win.
Is the institute which you join have the teacher who is best for you or is it
just a ad based institute which don’t pay to teachers?. How many hours of class
the best teacher gives you?.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a
strategy of certain institutes to run multiple branches where good teacher is
just an occasional visitor. This will be of limited use. Hence you should
verify these facts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>The feedback</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The question papers and its review should be able to evaluate you. The
evaluator should be able to speak to you and explain the correct way. A
one-to-one interaction and correct evaluation with support system (where to
find the answer and how to present it) is needed for your continuous
improvement of writing skills. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">I hope these inquiries would be put forth by aspirants. This will help you
weed out the high pitch ad based institutes and find the correct institution. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Note: There are very good coaching institutes
everywhere, you just got to ask the right questions to find the good ones.
Kindly cross check the credibility of the institute in multiple ways before you
join. <b><i>This blog makes an effort to identify and post blogs of toppers. </i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-35898264777969807192019-04-18T09:33:00.000-07:002019-04-18T09:33:04.288-07:00Dollar Currency Swap by RBI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">RBI is central bank of India and it uses<b> liquidity
management tools </b>like</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">a)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Repo </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">b)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">OMO (Open market operations) etc.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px 48px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Recently, RBI used another tool – Currency
swap</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 8px; text-align: left;">
Effects/Aim:</h3>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">To infuse liquidity to overcome the current liquidity
crunch. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The rupee appreciation may slow.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The dollar reserves of RBI increases.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 8px; text-align: left;">
How does it work?</h3>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">RBI gives rupees for which banks gives dollars to RBI under
certain terms and conditions. This contract is for a period of 3 years and the
banks have to pay a forward premium. The banks (Tier 1) can participate in
auction for the 5 billion dollar.<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>The
banks will buy back dollars after 3 years at rates arrived through auction.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><u>The content below can be ignored by aspirants. It is
for causal readers of this blog. </u></i></span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 0px 0px 8px; text-align: left;">
What are risks of the currency swaps?</h4>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The swaps have default risk and exchange risk. In this case,
since RBI is central bank, it can avoid default risk. </span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 0px 0px 8px; text-align: left;">
How is the swap agreement made?</h4>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">As in most financial contracts, reasoned assumptions are
made regarding the economy and then scenario analysis is done. The risk
management analysis based on cash flows and assumptions in exchange rate,
policies which may be followed by banks etc are done to arrive at a decision
making.</span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 0px 0px 8px; text-align: left;">
How is liquidity created?</h4>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Banks which get rupee pass it on to its customers. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 8px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The customers could be </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">a)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Old customers – </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Those who repay</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Those who default due to business risk</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b>Those who lend not to pay but to pump in money
for businesses at cost of bank or because of many other factors or for
evergreening. (here after referred to N)</b></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">b)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">New customers – which includes small, micro and
medium industries<span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>who need credit at
lower rates for successfully running business. It also includes customers who
will be able to generate cash when money is available at lower rates. (assuming
the banks charge lower rate).</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">If the money gets routed to the Old
customers who Sl.No 3 or N , then the whole exercise will go void. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px; text-align: left;">
How to know whether banks are lending for
Old Customers Sl. No 3 types or N ( intentionally careless or lending with intent of not paying )?</h4>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The current debt equity level and its
variations can be analyzed to understand it. (provided company don’t collide with auditing and
rating companies in rigging all the processes). If it gets
to these customers, then the purpose gets defeated.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px;">
If you are further interested you may explore web on </div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px;">
- Reverse mirror swap</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px;">
-securitization of swap</div>
</div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-36458435476351653502018-11-17T09:45:00.003-08:002018-11-17T09:45:52.577-08:00Psychology Mains Paper 2 Consumer behaviour<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Consumer Psychology</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The use of psychology and emotions for enticing consumers,
keeping them satisfied is something you would come across every day.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Few things you have noticed daily would be</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Flash sale at heavy discount by Amazon or
flipkart etc</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Free free free – take one get two free!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Limited edition available – booking started</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Natural ingredients from flower to neem in soap!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The above all involve application of consumer
psychology principles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The base psychological principle is</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>“ Pricing is based on value to the customer
” .</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Flash sale and heavy discounts (Psychological
principle used is Anchoring)</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The favourite mobile with MRP 70,000 being
available to you at 30,000 for one hour and 40,000 for next one hour. Here, the
customer mind gets anchored at 70,000 irrespective of its merit. Now when
he/she sees the “offer”, the mind drags customer to get the offer. The thought
process revolves around the anchor set by initial pricing. The customer will
start discussion on how he got big offer in the portal because he was on time.
Thus, a rat race is set up where turnover increases and sales raises. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Free Free Free</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The diwali and other festival times are
filled with offers of “free free free”. The branded shirt near your store would
be putting, buy one shirt get one free. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The customer feels that he should not “miss”
the opportunity as offer is short as festival days. Customers expectation and
calculation revolves around the bundling. The customer is prompted to think of “what
he gets and not think about any negatives – quality or model etc”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Customer_journey_with_touchpoints_English.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="800" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Customer_journey_with_touchpoints_English.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">source: wikimedia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Limited edition</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The need to be unique, different, able or
esteem is underlying principle behind the limited edition. By just adding a
sticker or an accessories, the seller is able to increase the price of all
products. The most important addition in limited edition is limited. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Natural </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Currently you can see visualization of
neem, rose, jasmine and hell lot of things going into products from shampoo to
soap to bathroom cleaner. The advertisement create a visualization (which is
written in smallest possible font at bottom of advertisement) to imbibe the
feeling of closeness to nature. All the emotions, moods, feelings of humans are
developed from the nature. The easiest emotional connect it is able to make in
countries where nature is close to heart is to show that wonders of nature are
in the product they buy. Next time you wonder how much quantity of “real
natural products” are added, please check the contents of the bottle. The perception
of humans is utilized heavily in marketing of many health, cosmetic and lot of
other products. See tv for a few hours, find some cool examples to quote for
consumer behavior in case question comes in UPSC exams.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Bundling of Products</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Have you seen two mobile phones with
exactly same configuration? Have you seen mobile plans with exact same
configuration?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Eg: Telecom ARTL plan : 330 sms free +
Roaming free+ 1.7 GB per day free</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Telecom RLNC : 700 sms free + roaming free + 1.5 GB per day free</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is not difficult for RLNC to match brand
RLNC plan, but the difference ensures that the two do to fight to compete to
lowest value for their product. Also it appears to loyal customers that one is
doing better than other in giving them value (offers). The “fight” creates
enthusiasm among followers of a plan. It would be designed in a way that at the
end you feel “yeh sahi hai” even if it may or may not be. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The technique is to couple many things of
multiple value and then it becomes difficult to calculate individual value. The
personal preferences of sending msgs or downloading would affect the plan
customer, but overall value and pricing is difficult to compare with the
bundling. It creates competitive equilibrium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Asymmetric dominance (customer finds the
price ) –</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The popular “healthy” muesli would be
having many flavours. The company at the same time would add nuts&raisins
or apples&oranges or fruit kick or chocolate or anything in world to the
healthy drink. Now there will be plain muesli which might be rock bottom priced
and many with additional components (nuts&raisins or apples&oranges or
fruit kick or chocolate or blah blah) . Here the price can be hiked sky high
with additives as it possible to create a feeling that value is created through
presence of additives. The value also comes from time saving factor, where the
customer would have tedious job of adding the ‘tutti frutti’ to make it rich in
apples , grape etc. Here, the customers value of product is set by the base
price and then mind builds value to the next range of products. Also, in a
customer centric world, it may become fashion to buy the healthy muesli
combined with tutti frutti than ‘just plain’ since it is cheap and may come in
not so attractive packet. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are endless principles of psychology
related to consumer behavior. I will write about more in later articles. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-11462294374815759972018-11-15T09:04:00.000-08:002018-11-15T09:04:16.488-08:00Inspiring Stories by UPSC Toppers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anudeep Durai Shetty has written in detail and spoke on various occasions clearly his views and thoughts on UPSC exams. He is passionate to share information that comes handy for aspirants. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">He blogs @ </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://anudeepdurishetty.in/letter-to-my-younger-self/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anudeep DuraiShetty</span></a></div>
<div>
<u><span style="color: #000120;"></span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Abhijeet Sinha Upsc 2017 has given his booklist, detailed mains and preliminary. He has given interview on DD success speaks.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://abhijeetsinhaupsc.wordpress.com/author/sinhaabhijeet93/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Abhijeet Sinha UPSC </span></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Neha Jain 2017, 14th rank</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">She had given interview for iasbaba a portal for preparation - <a href="https://iasbaba.com/2018/05/upsc-ias-toppers-strategy-neha-jain-rank-14-cse-2017-iasbabas-ilp-student/" target="_blank">Neha Jain</a></span></div>
</div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-77337718094014989002018-11-06T08:44:00.000-08:002018-11-06T08:44:00.389-08:00Upsc Free Study Matierial Anu Kumari<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anu Kumari rank winner upsc has published extensive source of information on variety of subjects </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<a href="https://anubhokar.wordpress.com/2018/05/23/current-affairs-note-making-for-upsc/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">General Studies</span></a><br />
<u><span style="color: #000120;"></span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<a href="https://anubhokar.wordpress.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sociology</span></a><br />
<a href="https://anubhokar.wordpress.com/" target="_blank"></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<a href="https://anubhokar.wordpress.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Coaching </span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<a href="https://anubhokar.wordpress.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">https://anubhokar.wordpress.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and whole lot of upsc study areas.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">She has shared her full study notes for free. The candidates may go through them and make best use. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These pearls of wisdom is a treat to enthusiastic candidates.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Her <a href="https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10156443455044962&id=532734961" target="_blank">FB Post </a></span></div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4924404237543276181.post-55300972660358847062018-11-03T07:27:00.000-07:002018-11-03T07:27:05.463-07:00General Studies Short Question: NATGRID<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 10.66px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NATGRID</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 10.66px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) has been conceived to develop cutting edge technology to enhance India’s counter terror capabilities. The NATGRID analyses the big data and information from various sources/intelligence agencies. The derived info being used for national security and counter terrorism purposes. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px 0px 10.66px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
upscbloggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18226851415456016981noreply@blogger.com0